expression of efflux pumps and fatty acid activator one genes in azole resistant candida glabrata isolated from immunocompromised patients

acquired azole resistance in opportunistic fungi causes severe clinical problems in immunosuppressed individuals. this study investigated the molecular mechanisms of azole resistance in clinical isolates of candida glabrata . six unmatched strains were obtained from an epidemiological survey of candidiasis in immunocompromised hosts that included azole and amphotericin b susceptible and azole resistant clinical isolates. candida glabrata cbs 138 was used as reference strain. antifungal susceptibility testing of clinical isolates was evaluated using clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) methods. complementary dna-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cdna-aflp) technology, semi-quantitative rt-pcr, and sequencing were employed for identification of potential genes involved in azole resistance. candida glabrata candida drug resistance 1 ( cgcdr1 ) and candida glabrata candida drug resistance 2 ( cgcdr2 ) genes, which encode for multidrug transporters, were found to be upregulated in azole-resistant isolates (≥2-fold). fatty acid activator 1 ( faa1 ) gene, belonging to acyl-coa synthetases, showed expression in resistant isolates ≥2-fold that of the susceptible isolates and the reference strain. this study revealed overexpression of the cgcdr1 , cgcdr2 , and faa1 genes affecting biological pathways, small hydrophobic compounds transport, and lipid metabolism in the resistant clinical c.glabrata isolates.